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Home  ›  What Was The Animal Nickname Given To Carlos (The Venezuelan Terrorist) Who Was Tried In 1997?

What Was The Animal Nickname Given To Carlos (The Venezuelan Terrorist) Who Was Tried In 1997?

Written By Saturday, April 30, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Venezuelan-born international terror operative

In this Castilian proper name, the outset or paternal surname is Ramírez and the 2nd or maternal family proper name is Sánchez.

Carlos the Jackal

Carlos el Chacal
Born

Ilich Ramírez Sánchez


(1949-x-12) 12 October 1949 (age 72)

Michelena, Venezuela
Other names
  • Carlos
  • Carlos the Jackal
Criminal status Imprisoned since 1994
Spouse(s)
  • Magdalena Kopp
  • Lana Jarrar
  • Isabelle Coutant-Peyre
Conviction(south) xvi murders
Criminal penalty Life imprisonment

Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (Castilian: [ilitʃ raˈmiɾes ˈsantʃes]; built-in 12 October 1949), also known equally Carlos the Jackal (Castilian: Carlos el Chacal), is a Venezuelan convicted of terrorist crimes, and currently serving a life sentence in France for the 1975 murder of an informant for the French regime and ii French counterintelligence agents.[1] [two] [3] While in prison he was further bedevilled of attacks in France that killed 11 and injured 150 people and sentenced to an additional life term in 2011,[4] [5] and then to a third life term in 2017.[half-dozen]

A committed Marxist–Leninist, Ramírez Sánchez was one of the almost notorious political terrorists of his era,[7] [8] [9] protected and supported past the Stasi and the KGB.[10] When he joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in 1970, recruiting officeholder Bassam Abu Sharif gave him the code proper noun "Carlos" because of his Southward American roots.[eleven] After several bungled bombings, Ramírez Sánchez led the 1975 raid on the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) headquarters in Vienna, which killed three people. This was followed by a string of attacks confronting Western targets. For many years he was among the most-wanted international fugitives. Carlos was dubbed "The Jackal" past The Guardian later on 1 of its correspondents reportedly spotted Frederick Forsyth's 1971 novel The Day of the Jackal well-nigh some of the avoiding's property.[12]

Early life

Ramírez Sánchez, son of Marxist lawyer José Altagracia Ramírez Navas and Elba María Sánchez, was built-in in Michelena, in the Venezuelan land of Táchira.[thirteen] Despite his mother's pleas to requite their firstborn child a Christian offset name, José called him Ilyich, after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, while 2 younger siblings were named "Lenin" (built-in 1951) and "Vladimir" (born 1958).[14] Ilyich attended a high school in Liceo Fermin Toro of Caracas and joined the youth move of the Venezuelan Communist Party in 1959. After attending the Third Tricontinental Conference in January 1966 with his male parent, Ilyich reportedly spent the summer at Camp Matanzas, a guerrilla warfare school run by the Cuban DGI near Havana.[15] Afterward that year, his parents divorced.

His female parent took the children to London, where she studied at Stafford House College in Kensington and the London School of Economics. In 1968, José tried to enroll Ilyich and his blood brother at the Sorbonne in Paris, but eventually opted for the Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. According to the BBC, it was "a notorious hotbed for recruiting foreign communists to the Soviet Union" (encounter active measures).[sixteen] [17] [18] He was expelled from the academy in 1970.

From Moscow, Ramírez Sánchez travelled to Beirut, Lebanon, where he volunteered for the PFLP in July 1970.[nineteen] He was sent to a training camp for foreign volunteers of the Pop Forepart for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) on the outskirts of Amman, Hashemite kingdom of jordan. On graduating, he studied at a finishing school, code-named H4 and staffed by Iraqi armed services, about the Syria-Iraq edge.[xix]

Popular Front end for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)

On completing guerrilla grooming, Carlos (every bit he was at present calling himself) played an active role for the Popular Front end for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in the due north of Hashemite kingdom of jordan during the Black September conflict of 1970, gaining a reputation as a fighter. After the system was pushed out of Jordan, he returned to Beirut. He was sent to be trained by Wadie Haddad.[20] He eventually left the Middle East to attend courses at the Polytechnic of Central London (now known as the Academy of Westminster), and plainly continued to work for the PFLP.

In 1973, Carlos conducted a failed PFLP assassination attempt on Joseph Sieff, a Jewish man of affairs and vice president of the British Zionist Federation. On 30 December, Carlos chosen on Sieff'southward home on Queen's Grove in St John'due south Forest and ordered the maid to take him to Sieff.[21] Finding Sieff in the bathroom, in his bathroom, Carlos fired one bullet at Sieff from his Tokarev 7.62mm pistol, which bounced off Sieff just between his olfactory organ and upper lip and knocked him unconscious; the gun and then jammed and Carlos fled.[21] [22] [23] The attack was announced as retaliation for Mossad's assassination in Paris of Mohamed Boudia, a PFLP leader.

Carlos admits responsibility for a failed bomb attack on the Bank Hapoalim in London and motorcar flop attacks on iii French newspapers accused of pro-Israeli leanings. He claimed to exist the grenade thrower at a Parisian restaurant in an attack that killed two and injured 30 as part of the 1974 French Diplomatic mission attack in The Hague. He subsequently participated in two failed rocket propelled grenade attacks on El Al airplanes at Orly Airport near Paris on 13 and 17 January 1975. The second attack resulted in gunfighting with police at the airport and a seventeen-60 minutes hostage situation involving hundreds of anarchism constabulary and the French Interior Minister Michel Poniatowski. Carlos fled during the gunfight while the three other PFLP terrorists were immune flight to Baghdad, Iraq.[24] [25]

According to FBI agent Robert Scherrer, 1 MIR and i ERP fellow member were arrested in Paraguay in June 1975. These two would have possessed Carlos's phone number in Paris. Paraguayan authorities would then have handed over the information to France.[26]

On 26 June 1975, Carlos'south PFLP contact, Lebanon-born Michel Moukharbal, was captured and interrogated past the French domestic intelligence bureau, the DST.[27] When ii unarmed agents of the DST interrogated Carlos at a Parisian house political party, Moukharbal revealed Carlos's identity. Carlos then shot and killed the two agents and Moukharbal,[28] fled the scene, and managed to escape via Brussels to Beirut.

In November 1976 the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs claimed Carlos and his wife were shot to death in central Bogota on Nov 24th.[29]

OPEC raid in Vienna and expulsion from PFLP

From Beirut, Carlos participated in the planning for the attack on the headquarters of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) in Vienna. On 21 December 1975, he led the six-person team (which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann) that attacked the meeting of OPEC leaders. The team took more than than 60 hostages and killed three: an Austrian policeman, an Iraqi OPEC employee and a member of the Libyan delegation. Carlos demanded that the Austrian government read a communiqué about the Palestinian crusade on Austrian radio and television networks every two hours. To avert the threatened execution of a hostage every fifteen minutes, the Austrian authorities agreed and the communiqué was broadcast as demanded.

On 22 December, the authorities provided the PFLP and 42 hostages an airplane and flew them to Algiers, as demanded for the hostages' release. Ex-Majestic Navy airplane pilot Neville Atkinson, at that time the personal pilot for Libya's leader Muammar al-Gaddafi, flew Carlos and a number of others, including Hans-Joachim Klein, a supporter of the imprisoned Cherry-red Army Faction and a member of the Revolutionary Cells, and Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann, from Algiers.[thirty] [ page needed ] Atkinson flew the DC-ix to Tripoli, where more hostages were freed, before he returned to Algiers. The last hostages were freed there and some of the terrorists were granted asylum.

In the years following the OPEC raid, Bassam Abu Sharif, some other PFLP agent, and Klein claimed that Carlos had received a big sum of money for the safe release of the Arab hostages and had kept it for his personal use. Claims are that the corporeality was between United states$20 meg and US$fifty million. The source of the money is also uncertain but, according to Klein, information technology was from "an Arab president". Carlos after told his lawyers that the money was paid by the Saudis on behalf of the Iranians and was "diverted en road and lost by the Revolution."[ This quote needs a citation ]

Carlos left Algeria for Libya and and so Aden, where he attended a meeting of senior PFLP officials to justify his failure to execute two senior OPEC hostages – the finance minister of Iran, Jamshid Amuzgar, and the oil government minister of Saudi Arabia, Ahmed Zaki Yamani. His trainer and PFLP-EO leader Wadie Haddad expelled Carlos for not shooting hostages when PFLP demands were not met, thus failing his mission.[31]

After 1975

Manuel Contreras, Gerhard Mertins, Sergio Arredondo and an unidentified Brazilian general traveled to Tehran in 1976 to offer a collaboration to the Shah regime to kill Carlos in exchange for a large sum of money. It is not known what actually happened in the meetings.[26]

In September 1976, Carlos was arrested, detained in Yugoslavia, and flown to Baghdad. He chose to settle in Aden, where he tried to constitute his own Arrangement of Armed Struggle, equanimous of Syrian, Lebanese and German language rebels. He also continued with the Stasi, Eastward Federal republic of germany'southward secret police.[10] They provided him with an role and safe houses in East Berlin, a back up staff of 75, and a service machine, and immune him to carry a pistol while in public.[x]

From here, Carlos is believed to take planned his attacks on several European targets, including the bombing of the Radio Complimentary Europe offices in Munich in February 1981, which was part of an eventually unsuccessful chase for a Romanian defector, former Full general Ion Mihai Pacepa, ordered and financed by that country's government.[32] [33]

On xvi February 1982, 2 of the group – Swiss terrorist Bruno Breguet and Carlos's wife Magdalena Kopp – were arrested in Paris, in a car containing explosives. Following the arrest, a alphabetic character was sent to the French embassy in The Hague demanding their immediate release. Meanwhile, Carlos unsuccessfully lobbied the French regime for their release.

In retaliation, France was struck by a wave of terrorist attacks, including: the bombing of the Paris-Toulouse TGV 'Le Capitole' railroad train on 29 March 1982 (5 dead, 77 injured); the car-bombing of the paper Al-Watan al-Arabi in Paris on 22 Apr 1982 (i expressionless, 63 injured); the bombing of the Gare Saint-Charles in Marseille on 31 December 1983 (two dead, 33 injured), and the bombing of the Marseille-Paris TGV train (iii dead, 12 injured) on the same day.[34] In August 1983, he also attacked the Maison de France in West Berlin, killing one man and injuring 20-two other people.[10] Within days of the bombings, Carlos sent letters to three carve up news agencies challenge responsibility for the bombings as revenge for a French air strike against a PFLP training camp in Lebanon the previous month.

Historians' examination of Stasi files, accessible afterward High german reunification, demonstrates a link between Carlos and the KGB, via the E German secret police. When Leonid Brezhnev visited West Federal republic of germany in 1981, Carlos did not undertake whatsoever attacks, at the request of the KGB. Western intelligence had expected activity during this period.[10] Carlos as well had relations with the leadership of Armenian Undercover Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA). The Stasi asked Carlos to utilise his influence on ASALA to tone down the Armenian grouping's anti-Soviet activity.[35] [ page needed ]

With conditional support from the Iraqi regime and later the decease of Haddad, Carlos offered the services of his grouping to the PFLP and other groups. His group's first attack may have been a failed rocket set on on the Superphénix French nuclear power station on 18 January 1982.

These attacks led to international pressure on Eastern European states that harboured Carlos. For over two years, he lived in Hungary, in Budapest's second district known equally the quarter of nobles. His principal cutting-out for some of his fiscal resource, such as Gaddafi or George Habash, was the friend of his sis, Dietmar Clodo, a known German terrorist and the leader of the Panther Brigade of the PFLP. Hungary expelled Carlos in late 1985, and he was refused sanctuary in Iraq, Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya and Cuba before he constitute limited back up in Syria. He settled in Damascus with Kopp and their daughter, Elba Rosa.

The Syrian government forced Carlos to remain inactive, and he was afterwards seen equally a neutralized threat.[ commendation needed ] In 1990, the Iraqi government approached him for work and, in September 1991, he was expelled from Syria, which had supported the American intervention against the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.[ commendation needed ] Subsequently a brusk stay in Jordan, he was accorded protection in Sudan where he lived in Khartoum.[ citation needed ]

Arrest and imprisonment

French and US intelligence agencies offered a number of deals to the Sudanese authorities, and Sudan cooperated. In 1994, Carlos was scheduled to undergo a pocket-size testicular operation in a hospital in Sudan.[37] Two days after the operation, Sudanese officials told him that he needed to be moved to a villa for protection from an assassination effort and would be given personal bodyguards. One night after, the bodyguards went into his room while he slept, tranquilized and tied him, and took him from the villa.[38] On 14 August 1994, Sudan transferred him to French agents of the DST, who flew him to Paris for trial.[ citation needed ]

He was charged with the 1975 murders of the ii Paris policemen and of Moukharbal and was sent to La Santé Prison house to look trial.[ citation needed ] In 1996, a majority of the European Commission of Human Rights rejected his application related to the process of his capture.[39]

The trial began on 12 December 1997 and ended on 23 December, when he was constitute guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.[40] [ failed verification ]

Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez had a sporadic correspondence with Carlos from the latter'due south prison prison cell in France. Chávez sent a letter of the alphabet in which he addresses Carlos every bit a "distinguished compatriot".[41] [42] [43]

In 2001, after converting to Islam,[44] Ramírez Sánchez married his lawyer, Isabelle Coutant-Peyre, in a Muslim ceremony, although he was still married to his second married woman.[45]

In June 2003, Carlos published a collection of writings from his jail cell. The book, whose championship translates as Revolutionary Islam, seeks to explain and defend violence in terms of class disharmonize. In the book, he voices back up for Osama bin Laden and his attacks on the United States.

In 2005, the European Court of Human Rights heard a complaint from Ramírez Sánchez that his long years of solitary solitude constituted "inhuman and degrading treatment". In 2006 the court decided that Commodity 3 of the European Convention on Homo Rights (prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment) had not been violated; nonetheless, Article 13 (correct to an effective remedy) had been. Ramírez Sánchez was awarded €10,000 for costs and expenses, having fabricated no claim for bounty for damage.[36]

In 2006, he was afterwards moved from La Santé to Clairvaux Prison.[36] [46]

On i June 2006, Chávez referred to him as his "adept friend" during a meeting of OPEC countries held in Caracas, Venezuela.[47]

On twenty November 2009, Chávez publicly defended Carlos, saying that he is wrongly considered to be "a bad guy" and that he believed Carlos had been unfairly convicted. Chávez also called him "1 of the corking fighters of the Palestine Liberation Arrangement".[48] France summoned the Venezuelan ambassador and demanded an caption. Chávez, withal, declined to retract his comments.[49]

Ramírez Sánchez denied the 1975 French killings, saying they were orchestrated past Mossad, the Israeli secret service, and condemned Israel as a terrorist state. During his trial in France in 1997, he said, "When one wages war for xxx years, there is a lot of claret spilled—mine and others. But we never killed anyone for money, simply for a cause—the liberation of Palestine."[l] In 2017 he claimed responsibleness for a full of fourscore deaths, and boasted that "no i in the Palestinian resistance has executed more people than I have."[51]

New trials

In May 2007, anti-terrorism judge Jean-Louis Bruguière ordered a new trial for Ramírez Sánchez on charges relating to "killings and destruction of property using explosive substances" in France in 1982 and 1983. The bombings killed xi and injured more than than 100 people.[52] Ramírez Sánchez denied any connectedness to the events in his 2011 trial, staging a 9-24-hour interval hunger strike to protestation his imprisonment conditions.[53] The trial began on 7 November 2011, in Paris. Three other members of Ramírez Sánchez's organization were tried in absentia at the same fourth dimension: Johannes Weinrich, Christa Margot Fröhlich, and Ali Kamal Al-Issawi. Germany has refused to extradite Weinrich and Fröhlich, and Al-Issawi, a Palestinian, "is reportedly on the run." Ramírez Sánchez continues to deny any involvement in the attacks.[44] On xv December 2011, Ramírez Sánchez, Weinrich and Issawi were bedevilled and sentenced to life in prison; Fröhlich was acquitted.[54] Ramírez Sánchez appealed against the verdict and a new trial began in May 2013.[55] He lost his appeal on 26 June 2013 and judges in a special anti-terrorism court upheld his life sentence.[56]

In October 2014, he was likewise charged for a Paris drugstore café assault in September 1974 that killed two and wounded 34.[57] Subsequently a lengthy appeal of the charges, in May 2016 his trial was ordered to proceed[58] and opened in March 2017.[59] On 28 March 2017, he was sentenced to a further life term for this attack.[60]

Political views

In his 2003 volume, Revolutionary Islam, Ramírez Sánchez professed his adoration for the Iranian Revolution, writing that "Today, confronted past the threat to Civilization, in that location is a response: revolutionary Islam! Only men and women armed with a total faith in the founding values of truth, justice, and fraternity will be prepared to lead the combat and deliver humanity from the empire of mendacity."[61]

Depictions and references

Books

  • Aline, Countess of Romanones (née Aline Griffithǐ), whose first three books were memoirs of her piece of work with the OSS, wrote the novel, The Well Mannered Assassin (1994), about Carlos the Jackal. The Countess knew Carlos as a charming playboy in the 1970s.
  • In Tom Clancy's novel, Rainbow 6, terrorists attempt to have Carlos freed from prison by staging a terrorist assault on an entertainment park in Spain.
  • John Follain wrote Jackal: The Hugger-mugger Wars Of Carlos The Jackal (1998), published by Orion (ISBN 978-0752826691)
  • Charles Lichtman wrote the novel, The Last Inauguration, in which Carlos is hired by Saddam Hussein to behave out a terrorist attack on the Presidential Inauguration Ball.[ citation needed ]
  • Carlos the Jackal features prominently equally the antagonist in the first and third books of Robert Ludlum's fictional Bourne Trilogy, which depicts Carlos every bit the globe'due south most unsafe assassin, a man with international contacts that allow him to strike efficiently and anonymously at locations anywhere on the globe. Jason Bourne is sent to trap Carlos.
  • Spanish journalist Antonio Salas wrote his 2010 volume El Palestino (The Palestinian), post-obit five years of infiltration as a Palestinian-Venezuelan terrorist, during which he did extensive research on Carlos, met his family unit, and corresponded with him in prison house.[62]
  • Colin Smith, reporter for The Observer, wrote the administrative biography Carlos: Portrait Of A Terrorist (1976), published past Andre Deutsch (ISBN 0 233 968431).
  • Billy Waugh'due south nonfiction book Hunting the Jackal (2004), reveals the CIA operation in Sudan to locate and photograph Carlos, which led to his arrest in Khartoum.
  • David Yallop's book, To the Ends of the Earth: The Hunt for the Jackal (1993), is a detailed business relationship of Yallop's attempts through the 1980s to unearth the truthful story of Carlos, as he attempts to secure an interview with him.

Films

  • The Mexican film Carlos el Terrorista (1979), starring Dominican-Mexican actor Andrés García, is loosely inspired by Ramírez Sánchez.
  • In the American spy one-act Gotcha! (1985), histrion Nick Corri plays supporting grapheme "Manolo", a lady'south homo whose favorite pick-up technique is tricking women by vaguely implying he is an international terrorist named "Carlos" and needs their help to both avert capture and be able to move about freely, usually dorsum to his room.
  • In The Bourne Identity (1988), which is based on Robert Ludlum's book and stars Richard Chamberlain and Jaclyn Smith, Carlos the Jackal occurs every bit the movie's main villain.
  • The picture Death Has a Bad Reputation (1990), directed by Lawrence Gordon Clark and presented by Frederick Forsyth, stars Elizabeth Hurley and Tony Lo Bianco
  • The film Truthful Lies (1994) includes Bill Paxton equally a car dealer named Simon who is trying to seduce the married woman of a U.Southward. counterterrorism operative. The operative seeks revenge past accusing Simon of beingness Carlos the Jackal.
  • The Assignment (1997), starring Aidan Quinn, Donald Sutherland, and Ben Kingsley, centers around a fictional CIA and Mossad mission to chase down Carlos.
  • Munich (2005) makes a reference to Carlos the Jackal in a scene recounting the acts of retaliation to Functioning Wrath of God, making him accountable for some of them.
  • The documentary film Terror'southward Advocate (2007) features a chapter on Carlos.
  • The Danish film Blekingegadebanden (2009) is about a far left wing Danish arrangement robbing money to transport to the PFLP, includes an interview with Ramírez Sánchez.
  • The Olivier Assayas-directed series Carlos (2010) documents the life of Ramírez Sánchez. The motion picture won the Golden World Award for Best Miniseries or Television Movie. Carlos is played past Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez, who is from the same home state equally Carlos.

Music

  • Carlos's face is on the encompass of the Blackness Grape anthology It's Great When Yous're Straight... Yeah (1995).

Video games

  • In James Bond 007: Agent Nether Fire, ane of the histrion'southward adversaries is a female assassin known as Carla The Jackal. Equally a further allusion, the mission where Bond confronts her is called "Dark of the Jackal".

References

  1. ^ Morenne, Benoît (28 March 2017). "Carlos the Jackal Receives a Third Life Sentence in France". The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  2. ^ "Venezuela's Hugo Chavez defends 'Carlos the Jackal'". BBC News. UK. 21 Nov 2009. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  3. ^ http://world wide web.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Communists want 'Carlos the Jackal' repatriated". washingtontimes.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011.
  4. ^ "Carlos the Jackal bedevilled for 1980s French terrorist attacks". The Daily Telegraph. London. xvi Dec 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017.
  5. ^ "Carlos the Jackal given another life judgement for 1980s terror attack". The Guardian. London. fifteen December 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017.
  6. ^ "'Carlos the Jackal' sentenced to third life term for 1974 assault". abc.net.au. 29 March 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017.
  7. ^ Clark, Nicola. "Ilich Ramírez (Carlos the Jackal) Sánchez". The New York Times. Archived from the original on x November 2011.
  8. ^ "Ilich Ramirez Sanchez (Carlos the Jackal) 1949". Historyofwar.org. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved xiv August 2012.
  9. ^ "Feared Terrorist Mastermind Goes On Trial". Huffington Mail service. 6 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 Nov 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d eastward "Rescued from the shredder, Carlos the Jackal's missing years" Archived 24 July 2017 at the Wayback Car, The Independent, 30 October 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010
  11. ^ Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi. The Best of Enemies: The Memoirs of Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi, 1995. ISBN 978-0-316-00401-5
  12. ^ Steve Rose (23 Oct 2010). "Carlos director Olivier Assayas on the terrorist who became a pop culture icon". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 Nov 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
  13. ^ Follain, John (1998). Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal. Arcade Publishing. p. i. ISBNone-55970-466-seven.
  14. ^ Follain (1998), p. 4.
  15. ^ Follain (1998), p. 9.
  16. ^ New York Magazine – seven Nov 1977
  17. ^ Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Harvey W. Kushner, p. 321
  18. ^ "Carlos the Jackal" Archived 27 Baronial 2010 at the Wayback Machine, BBC profile, 24 Dec 1997
  19. ^ a b Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi. The Best of Enemies: The Memoirs of Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi, 1995. ISBN 978-0-316-00401-5 pp 78–79
  20. ^ Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi. The Best of Enemies, p 89
  21. ^ a b Valentine Low (12 February 2008). "House where Carlos the Jackal first struck faces the bulldozer". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010.
  22. ^ Christopher Andrew (2009). The Defence of the Realm. Penguin. p. 616. ISBN978-0-14-102330-4.
  23. ^ William Cash (8 January 2010). "Elizabeth Sieff's mission to put a low price on the high life". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012.
  24. ^ "Terrorist Incidents against Jewish Communities and Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968-2003". International Constitute for Counter-Terrorism. 20 December 2003.
  25. ^ Ensalaco, Mark (2008). Middle Eastern terrorism: from Black September to September xi. Academy of Pennsylvania Press. pp. eighty–82. ISBN978-0-8122-4046-7.
  26. ^ a b González, Mónica (6 August 2009). "El día en que Manuel Contreras le ofreció al Sha de Irán matar a "Carlos, El Chacal"". ciperchile.cl (in Spanish). CIPER. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved eleven August 2015.
  27. ^ ""Carlos" Allegedly Pflp Member". 10 July 1975 – via Wikileaks.
  28. ^ "27 juin 1975, trois morts rue Toullier à Paris. Un carnage signé Carlos. L'ancien terroriste est jugé à partir d'aujourd'hui pour des faits qui lui ont valu une condamnation par contumace en 1992" Archived 30 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Liberation Newspaper, French republic.
  29. ^ "The Calendar week in Colombia". 26 November 1976.
  30. ^ Death on Small Wings, ISBN 1-904440-78-ix.
  31. ^ Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi. The All-time of Enemies, p. 164.
  32. ^ Regnery, Alfred Southward. "Volume Inspired Counter-Revolution", published in Human Events, 22 Oct 2001
  33. ^ "The Securitate Arsenal for Carlos," Ziua, Bucharest, 2004
  34. ^ "Carlos condamné à la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité et 18 ans de sûreté". AFP, 16 Dec 2011.
  35. ^ Cummings, Richard H. (22 April 2009). Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950-1989. ISBN9780786453009.
  36. ^ a b c "Grand Chamber judgment Ramirez Sanchez v. French republic". HUDOC (Printing release). European Courtroom of Human Rights. 4 July 2006. Archived from the original on fourteen August 2014. Retrieved fourteen Baronial 2014.
  37. ^ Mayer, Jane, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the State of war on Terror Turned Into a State of war on American Ideals, 2008. p. 37.
  38. ^ Follain (1998), pp. 274–276.
  39. ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". cmiskp.echr.coe.int. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012.
  40. ^ "Carlos The Jackal Ends His twenty-day Hunger Strike" Archived 28 October 2011 at Wikiwix, Orlando Sentinel. 24 November 1998. Retrieved on 20 May 2010.
  41. ^ Carta de Hugo Chávez a Ilich Ramírez Sánchez alias «El Chacal» Archived iv May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ^ Blanco y Negro - secundaria Archived 22 September 2009 at the Wayback Automobile.
  43. ^ La familia de Carlos "El Chacal" espera más gestos de Chávez Archived 2 March 2009 at the Wayback Auto.
  44. ^ a b Willsher, Kim (seven Nov 2011). "'Carlos the Jackal' goes on trial in French republic". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on ix November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  45. ^ "My Dear for Carlos the Jackal Archived September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Automobile." The Age. 25 March 2004. Retrieved on 20 May 2010.
  46. ^ "Carlos the Jackal faces new trial" Archived xx April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, BBC. 4 May 2007. Retrieved on 20 May 2010.
  47. ^ Nacional y Política - eluniversal.com Archived 27 August 2009 at the Wayback Car.
  48. ^ "Venezuela's Hugo Chavez defends 'Carlos the Jackal'" Archived 26 Nov 2009 at the Wayback Motorcar, BBC News, 21 November 2009
  49. ^ "Carlos the Jackal was 'revolutionary': Chavez". Agence France-Presse. 28 November 2009. Archived from the original on 17 Apr 2010.
  50. ^ "'Carlos The Jackal' convicted, sentenced to life in prison". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010.
  51. ^ "'Carlos the Jackal' jailed over 1974 Paris grenade attack". Sky News. 28 March 2017.
  52. ^ Carlos the Jackal faces new trial Archived twenty Apr 2011 at the Wayback Auto.
  53. ^ "Cold War Mastermind Carlos the Jackal on Trial in France". Play a trick on news. UK. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on viii November 2011.
  54. ^ Associated Press. "Paris court sentences Carlos the Jackal to life in prison for 4 deadly attacks in 1980s". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved fifteen Dec 2011.
  55. ^ "Perpétuité requise en appel contre Carlos pour quatre attentats". liberation.fr. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013.
  56. ^ "CARLOS THE JACKAL LOSES Appeal IN FRENCH BOMBINGS". AP. Archived from the original on thirty June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  57. ^ Le terroriste Carlos renvoyé aux assises pour l'attentat du drugstore Saint-Germain Archived 8 Oct 2014 at the Wayback MachineLibération, 7 Oct 2014
  58. ^ "'Carlos the Jackal' must face trial for 1974 set on: appeal court". AFP. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on ii February 2017.
  59. ^ "Carlos the Jackal to confront trial in France over 1974 bombing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on xiii March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
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  61. ^ Wolin, Richard (21 July 2010). "The Counter-Thinker". The New Democracy. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  62. ^ Salas, Antonio (2010). El Palestino. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.

Further reading

  • Carlos: Portrait of a Terrorist past Colin Smith. Sphere Books, 1976. ISBN 0-233-96843-1.
  • Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist Carlos the Jackal past John Follain. Arcade Publishing, 1988. ISBN 1-55970-466-7.
  • To the Ends of the Earth: The Hunt for the Jackal by David Yallop. New York: Random House, 1993. ISBN 0-679-42559-four. This volume was besides published under the name Tracking the Jackal: The Search for Carlos, the Globe's Most Wanted Human being.
  • Encyclopedia of Terrorism past Harvey Kushner. SAGE Publications, 2002.

External links

  • "Carlos the Jackal: Trail of Terror: First Strike" by Patrick Bellamy, Criminal offence Library
  • "Ex-guerrilla Carlos to sue France over solitary confinement" by CNN
  • "Carlos the Jackal, imprisoned for life, looks in lawsuit to protect his image", The Washington Post, 26 January 2010
  • "When Global Terrorism Went by Another Name", All Things Considered – audio written report by NPR
  • "Carlos the Jackal's Parisian trail of destruction" – article and map of Carlos's declared activities in Paris by Radio France Internationale
  • "Carlos sentenced to life by French court" (Radio France Internationale)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_the_Jackal

Posted by: stonesawlsoper.blogspot.com

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